Moisture Conversion Table Vapor Pressure PPM on Volume Dew Point (Water/Ice in Equilibrium) Basis at 760 mm Relative Humidity PPM on Weight °C °F mm of Mercury of Hg Pressure at 70°F% Basis in Air. A new equation, in the form of a Chebyshev polynomial, is given for the representation of the vapour pressure of water. In the computation of the coefficients of this equation account was taken of changes consequent upon the adoption of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 and also of new values which have been published for the vapour pressure at Celsius temperatures from 25.
Thevapour pressure of waterwill be the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic sense of balance with its condensed condition. At increased pressures water would reduce. The water vapour pressure is certainly the incomplete pressure of water vapour in any fuel blend in equilibrium with strong or liquefied water. As for various other elements, water vapour pressure can be a functionality of temperature and can be determined with the Clausius-Clapeyron connection.
Capital t, °M | Testosterone levels, °Y | G, kPa | G, torr | G, atm |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 32 | 0.6113 | 4.5851 | 0.0060 |
5 | 41 | 0.8726 | 6.5450 | 0.0086 |
10 | 50 | 1.2281 | 9.2115 | 0.0121 |
15 | 59 | 1.7056 | 12.7931 | 0.0168 |
20 | 68 | 2.3388 | 17.5424 | 0.0231 |
25 | 77 | 3.1690 | 23.7695 | 0.0313 |
30 | 86 | 4.2455 | 31.8439 | 0.0419 |
35 | 95 | 5.6267 | 42.2037 | 0.0555 |
40 | 104 | 7.3814 | 55.3651 | 0.0728 |
45 | 113 | 9.5898 | 71.9294 | 0.0946 |
50 | 122 | 12.3440 | 92.5876 | 0.1218 |
55 | 131 | 15.7520 | 118.1497 | 0.1555 |
60 | 140 | 19.9320 | 149.5023 | 0.1967 |
65 | 149 | 25.0220 | 187.6804 | 0.2469 |
70 | 158 | 31.1760 | 233.8392 | 0.3077 |
75 | 167 | 38.5630 | 289.2463 | 0.3806 |
80 | 176 | 47.3730 | 355.3267 | 0.4675 |
85 | 185 | 57.8150 | 433.6482 | 0.5706 |
90 | 194 | 70.1170 | 525.9208 | 0.6920 |
95 | 203 | 84.5290 | 634.0196 | 0.8342 |
100 | 212 | 101.3200 | 759.9625 | 1.0000 |
- 1Approximation formulas
Approximation formulasedit
There are many published approximations for calculating soaked vapour pressure over water and over glaciers. Some of these are usually (in approximate purchase of increasing precision):
- wherePis definitely the vapour pressure in mmHg andCapital tis the heat range in kelvins.
- The Antoine equation
- where the heat rangeTwill be in degrees Celsius (°C) and the vapour pressureGcan be in mmHg. The constants are given as
A | B | M | Testosterone levelsmin, °M | Testosterone levelspotential, °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
8.07131 | 1730.63 | 233.426 | 1 | 99 |
8.14019 | 1810.94 | 244.485 | 100 | 374 |
- The August-Roche-Magnus (or Magnus-Tetens or Magnus) formula, as defined in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996).2Formula 21 in2provides the coefficients used here. See also discussion of Clausius-Clapeyron approximations utilized in meteorology and climatology.
where heatCapital tis certainly in °D and vapour pressureGis usually in kilopascals (kPa)
- The Tetens equation
where temperatureTis definitely in °Chemical andPis in kPa
- The Buck equation.
whereTcan be in °D andPis certainly in kPa.
- The Goff-Gratch (1946) formula.3
Accuracy of various formulationsedit
Here will be a assessment of the accuracies of these different explicit formulations, displaying saturation vapour stresses for liquefied water in kPa, computed at six temps with their percentage mistake from the desk beliefs of Lide (2005):
Capital t(°M) | G(Lide Table) | G(Eq 1) | P(Antoine) | G(Magnus) | G(Tetens) | P(Dollar) | P(Goff-Gratch) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.6113 | 0.6593 (+7.85%) | 0.6056 (-0.93%) | 0.6109 (-0.06%) | 0.6108 (-0.09%) | 0.6112 (-0.01%) | 0.6089 (-0.40%) |
20 | 2.3388 | 2.3755 (+1.57%) | 2.3296 (-0.39%) | 2.3334 (-0.23%) | 2.3382 (+0.05%) | 2.3383 (-0.02%) | 2.3355 (-0.14%) |
35 | 5.6267 | 5.5696 (-1.01%) | 5.6090 (-0.31%) | 5.6176 (-0.16%) | 5.6225 (+0.04%) | 5.6268 (+0.00%) | 5.6221 (-0.08%) |
50 | 12.344 | 12.065 (-2.26%) | 12.306 (-0.31%) | 12.361 (+0.13%) | 12.336 (+0.08%) | 12.349 (+0.04%) | 12.338 (-0.05%) |
75 | 38.563 | 37.738 (-2.14%) | 38.463 (-0.26%) | 39.000 (+1.13%) | 38.646 (+0.40%) | 38.595 (+0.08%) | 38.555 (-0.02%) |
100 | 101.32 | 101.31 (-0.01%) | 101.34 (+0.02%) | 104.077 (+2.72%) | 102.21 (+1.10%) | 101.31 (-0.01%) | 101.32 (0.00%) |
A even more detailed debate of precision and considerations of the inaccuracy in temperatures measurements is certainly shown in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996). The evaluation here shows the simple unattributed formulation and the Antoine equation are fairly precise at 100 °D, but quite poor for lower temps above getting stuck. Tetens is much more accurate over the variety from 0 to 50 °C and extremely competitive at 75 °M, but Antoine's can be excellent at 75 °Chemical and above. The unattributed formulation must have zero error at around 26 °Chemical, but is of very poor accuracy outside a really narrow range. Tetens' equations are usually generally significantly more precise and probably simpler for use at everyday temperatures (age.g., in meteorology). As expected, Dollar's formula forTgt; 0 °G is considerably more precise than Tetens, and its brilliance increases markedly above 50 °C, though it is definitely more complicated to use. The Dollar equation is definitely even superior to the even more complex Goff-Gratch formula over the range required for useful meteorology.
Statistical approximationsedit
For serious computation, Lowe (1977)4developed two sets of equations for temps above and below freezing, with different ranges of accuracy. They are usually all extremely accurate (likened to Clausius-Clapeyron and the Goff-Gratch) but use nested polynomials for very efficient computation. Nevertheless, there are usually more current testimonials of perhaps exceptional formulations, especially Wexler (1976, 1977),56documented by Flatau et al. (1992).7
Graphical pressure addiction on heat rangeedit
Vapour pressure blueprints of water; data used from Dortmund Information Bank. Images shows triple stage, critical point and cooking point of water.
See alsoedit
Personal referencesedit
- ^Lide, John L., ed. (2004).CRC Handbook of Biochemistry and Physics,(85tl ed.). CRC Push. pp. 6-8. ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.
- ^anAlduchov, O.A.; Eskridge, L.E. (1996). 'Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapour pressure'.Paper of Applied Meteorology.35(4): 601-9. Bibcode:1996JApMe.35.601A. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035lt;0601:IMFAOSgt;2.0.CO;2.
- ^Goff, L.A., and Gratch, Beds. 1946. Low-pressure qualities of water from −160 to 212 °F.InTransactions of the Us Culture of Heating system and Ventilating Technicians, pp 95-122, displayed at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Culture of Heating system and Ventilating Technical engineers, New York, 1946.
- ^Lowe, P.L. (1977). 'An approximating polynomial for the calculation of saturation vapour pressure'.Newspaper of Applied Meteorology.16(1): 100-4. Bibcode:1977JApMe.16.100L. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016lt;0100:AAPFTCgt;2.0.CO;2.
- ^Wexler, A new. (1976). 'Vapour pressure formulation for water in range 0 to 100°M. A modification'(PDF).M. Ers. Natl. Bur. Stand up.80A(5-6): 775-785. doi:10.6028/jres.080a.071.
- ^Wexler, A new. (1977). 'Vapour pressure formula for snow'(PDF).L. Res. Natl. Bur. Take a position.81A(1): 5-20. doi:10.6028/jres.081a.003.
- ^Flatau, G.J.; Walko, Ur.T.; Cotton, W.Ur. (1992). 'Polynomial matches to vividness steam pressure'.Journal of Applied Meteorology.31(12): 1507-13. Bibcode:1992JApMe.31.1507F. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031lt;1507:PFTSVPgt;2.0.CO;2.
Further readingedit
- 'Thermophysical properties of seawater'.Matlab, EES and Excel VBA collection programs. MIT. 20 Feb 2017.
- Garnett, Terry; Anderton, John M; Garnett, Pamela L (1997).Biochemistry Laboratory Manual For Senior citizen Secondary College. Longman. ISBN978-0-582-86764-2.
- Murphy, M.Meters.; Koop, Testosterone levels. (2005). 'Review of the vapour pressures of glaciers and supercooled water for atmospheric programs'.Quarterly Newspaper of the Royal Meteorological Culture.131(608): 1539-65. Bibcode:2005QJRMS.131.1539M. doi:10.1256/qj.04.94.
- Speight, Wayne H. (2004).Lange's i9000 Guide of Hormone balance(16tl ed.). McGraw-Hil. ISBN978-0071432207.
Exterior linksedit
- Vömel, Holger (2016). 'Saturation vapor pressure formulations'. Boulder CO: Earth Observing Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the authentic on Summer 23, 2017.
- 'Vapour Pressure Finance calculator'. National Weather Services, Country wide Oceanic and Atmospheric Management.
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